نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی (فقه مالی اسلامی)
نویسندگان
1 استادیار، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران
2 طلبه سطح 4 حوزه، حوزه علمیه خراسان، خراسان، ایران
چکیده
1. مقدمه و هدف
کارکردهای پولی و داراییِ رمزارزها و نحوه اثرگذاری هر یک بر بازار پول و بازار مالی، همراه با فرصتها و تهدیدهای ناشی از آنها در سطوح ملی و بینالمللی، از مهمترین مسائل حکمرانی در حوزه رمزارزها بهشمار میآید. هدف این پژوهش، تبیین فقهی و اقتصادی انتشار رمزارزها خارج از حاکمیت، با تأکید بر تمایز میان کارکرد پولی و دارایی آنها و پیامدهای سیاستگذاری مترتب بر این تمایز است.
2. مواد و روشها
پژوهش حاضر با رویکردی توصیفی–تحلیلی و مبتنی بر مطالعات کتابخانهای انجام شده است. در این راستا، ضمن بررسی مبانی فقهی و اقتصادی مرتبط با پول و دارایی، رفتارهای قیمتی و حجمی رمزارزهای مهم تحلیل شده و مقررات کشورهای دارای رویکرد مساعد و تأییدی نسبت به بازار رمزارزها مورد توجه قرار گرفته است.
3. یافتههای تحقیق
یافتهها نشان میدهد در رمزارزهای دارای ارزش ذاتی و رمزارزهای با پشتوانه ارزهای فیات، صحتسنجی ادعای پشتوانه موضوعیت دارد و نوع نهاد ناظر نقش تعیینکنندهای ایفا نمیکند. همچنین رمزارزهایی که دارای کارکرد غیرپولی متقن هستند، از شمول بحث انتشار پول خارج بوده و باید در قالب دارایی تحلیل شوند. بهجز معدودی از رمزارزها، مانند تتر، که توانستهاند نقش ابزار مبادله و پول را در بازار رمزارز ایفا کنند، سایر رمزارزها اثرگذاری معناداری بر نظام پولی ملی و بینالمللی ندارند؛ ازاینرو، رویکرد غالب کشورهای توسعهیافته نسبت به آنها، رویکرد داراییمحور است.
4. بحث و نتیجهگیری
بر اساس نتایج پژوهش، سیاستگذاری در حوزه انتشار، مبادله و معاملات رمزارزها باید عمدتاً معطوف به مقرراتگذاری در بازار مالی باشد، نه بازار پول. بااینحال، در کشورهایی که با تحریمها، مخاصمات یا التهابات ارزی مواجهاند، ملاحظات مربوط به بازار ارز نیز میتواند بهعنوان حوزهای مکمل در تنظیمگری رمزارزها مدنظر قرار گیرد.
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Jurisprudential Review of the Issuing Money Outside of the Sovereignty Based on the Typology of Cryptocurrencies
نویسندگان [English]
1 Assistant Professor, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
2 Level 4 student, Khorasan Seminary, Khorasan, Iran
چکیده [English]
1. Introduction and Objective
Over the past decade, cryptocurrencies have emerged as a significant financial and technological phenomenon, raising fundamental questions about the nature of money, assets, and monetary sovereignty. Unlike conventional fiat money, cryptocurrencies operate largely outside the direct control of states and central banks, relying instead on decentralized technologies such as blockchain and distributed ledgers. This development has challenged traditional frameworks of monetary governance and has generated extensive debates in economics, law, and Islamic jurisprudence regarding the legitimacy, classification, and regulatory treatment of these instruments.
From a governance perspective, cryptocurrencies simultaneously exhibit monetary functions—such as acting as a medium of exchange, unit of account, or store of value—and asset functions, including investment, speculation, and wealth preservation. The coexistence of these functions has important implications for monetary policy, financial stability, and regulatory design at both national and international levels. While some cryptocurrencies aspire to function as money, others primarily operate as digital assets with limited or no monetary roles. Failure to distinguish clearly between these functions may lead to inappropriate regulatory responses and flawed jurisprudential judgments.
The primary objective of this study is to provide a jurisprudential and economic analysis of issuing money outside state sovereignty by relying on a functional typology of cryptocurrencies. The research seeks to clarify whether and under what conditions cryptocurrencies can be regarded as money or assets from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, and how this distinction affects the legitimacy of their issuance, circulation, and regulation. In doing so, the paper aims to contribute to policy debates by offering a nuanced framework that aligns jurisprudential principles with observed market behavior and contemporary regulatory practices.
2. Methods and Materials
This research adopts a descriptive–analytical methodology grounded in library-based studies and qualitative analysis. Classical and contemporary jurisprudential sources are examined to extract the foundational principles governing money, assets, contracts, and monetary authority in Islamic law. These principles include the role of custom (ʿurf), the concept of value (māliyya), the conditions for the validity of transactions, and the jurisprudential bases for monetary issuance and governance.
In parallel, the study analyzes empirical data related to the cryptocurrency market, with particular attention to price volatility, market capitalization, and trading volume of major cryptocurrencies. Indicators such as the ratio of daily trading volume to total market capitalization are used to assess whether a cryptocurrency predominantly functions as a medium of exchange or as an investment asset. Regulatory approaches adopted by countries with affirmative or supportive stances toward cryptocurrencies—especially developed economies—are also reviewed to identify prevailing policy patterns and rationales.
By integrating jurisprudential reasoning with economic analysis and comparative regulatory observation, the study provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating cryptocurrencies beyond purely technical or speculative perspectives. This interdisciplinary approach allows for a more accurate classification of cryptocurrencies and a clearer understanding of their implications for monetary and financial governance.
3. Research Findings
The findings of the study indicate that cryptocurrencies cannot be treated as a homogeneous category from either an economic or jurisprudential standpoint. A functional typology is essential to distinguish between cryptocurrencies that exhibit monetary characteristics and those that primarily operate as assets.
First, with regard to cryptocurrencies that claim intrinsic value or are backed by tangible assets (such as gold-backed tokens) or fiat currencies (stablecoins), the validation of the declared backing is of central importance. From a jurisprudential perspective, ensuring the authenticity and transparency of the backing serves to prevent fraud, deception, and unjust enrichment. The study finds that the legitimacy of such cryptocurrencies does not depend on the identity of the supervising authority; rather, what matters is the existence of reliable and effective mechanisms for verification and disclosure, whether public or private.
Second, cryptocurrencies with clearly established non-monetary functions—such as those primarily used for governance rights, utility access, or specific technological services—fall outside the scope of debates concerning the issuance of money. These instruments should be analyzed as assets rather than money, and their issuance is subject to general jurisprudential rules governing property and contracts, not monetary authority.
Third, market behavior analysis reveals that the majority of major cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin and Ethereum, function predominantly as investment assets rather than as mediums of exchange. Their relatively low ratios of daily transaction volume to total market capitalization suggest that most holdings are retained for capital gains rather than transactional use. Consequently, their impact on national and international monetary systems remains limited. This observation is consistent with the regulatory treatment in many developed countries, where such cryptocurrencies are classified as financial assets and subjected to taxation and financial market regulations rather than monetary policy controls.
An important exception is Tether (USDT), a stablecoin whose trading volume constitutes a substantial share of the total cryptocurrency market volume. Tether effectively operates as a medium of exchange within the crypto ecosystem, facilitating conversions between fiat currencies and other cryptocurrencies. Its functional role aligns closely with that of money within this specific market context, although its influence on broader national or international monetary systems remains constrained.
4. Discussion and Conclusion
The analysis demonstrates that a functional and behavior-based approach is essential for both jurisprudential evaluation and policy design in the context of cryptocurrencies. Treating all cryptocurrencies as money risks overstating their monetary impact and misapplying jurisprudential and regulatory principles. Conversely, ignoring their potential monetary roles may underestimate the need for oversight in specific cases, such as stablecoins with high transactional usage.
From a policy perspective, the findings suggest that regulatory efforts should primarily focus on the financial market implications of cryptocurrencies rather than framing them as direct threats to monetary sovereignty. Financial market regulation—addressing issues such as consumer protection, market integrity, fraud prevention, and systemic risk—is better suited to the predominant asset-like nature of most cryptocurrencies. Monetary regulation becomes relevant only in limited cases where a cryptocurrency demonstrably fulfills monetary functions at scale.
However, the study also acknowledges that contextual factors matter. In countries experiencing sanctions, geopolitical conflicts, or severe currency instability—such as Iran, Venezuela, or Russia—cryptocurrencies may have more pronounced effects on foreign exchange markets and capital flows. In such contexts, supplementary regulatory considerations related to currency substitution, capital flight, and exchange rate stability may be warranted.
In conclusion, this research argues that issuing money outside sovereignty, when examined through a jurisprudential and economic lens, cannot be evaluated in abstract or uniform terms. A nuanced typology based on function, market behavior, and verification mechanisms provides a more accurate basis for determining legitimacy and appropriate governance. By aligning Islamic jurisprudential principles with empirical market realities, the study offers a coherent framework for policymakers, scholars, and regulators seeking to navigate the evolving landscape of cryptocurrencies.
کلیدواژهها [English]
Reference