دانشگاه امام صادق علیه‌السلام تحقیقات مالی اسلامی 2251-8290 15 2 2026 01 21 Developing a Competency-Based Training Needs Assessment Model for Takaful Industry Employees: A Fuzzy Delphi Approach تبیین الگوی نیازسنجی آموزشی کارکنان صنعت تکافل با استفاده از روش‌شناسی دلفی فازی 311 354 78098 10.30497/ifr.2026.249234.2010 FA سعید صحت دانشیارگروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران 0000-0003-2801-7413 Journal Article 2025 11 04 1. Introduction and Objective The global financial landscape has witnessed a paradigm shift towards Islamic finance, with Takaful (Islamic insurance) emerging as a crucial alternative to conventional, interest-based insurance models. Despite the significant expansion of Takaful markets worldwide, its implementation and conceptual understanding in Iran remain nascent. This research posits that Takaful is not merely a financial product but a system rooted in the indisputable principles of the Quran and Sharia, emphasizing mutual cooperation and shared responsibility. However, the industry in Iran faces structural challenges, primarily stemming from a lack of strategic focus from regulatory bodies and insurance practitioners. A critical bottleneck in this development is the absence of a structured, competency-based educational framework for human resource development. Empowering human capital in the Takaful industry is not just an operational necessity; it is a strategic imperative for organizations aiming to provide Sharia-compliant services as a sustainable competitive advantage. The primary objective of this study, therefore, is to design an optimal organizational model for Training Needs Assessment (TNA) and to develop a comprehensive, multi-level educational framework for professionals working within the Iranian Takaful sector. By bridging the gap between existing educational gaps and the actual operational requirements of the industry, this study seeks to provide a roadmap for the professionalization of Takaful practice. 2. Methods and Materials This study adopts a developmental research design, employing a mixed-methods approach to ensure both theoretical depth and empirical validity. The research process was bifurcated into qualitative and quantitative phases: - Qualitative Phase: The research began with an exhaustive library study and thematic analysis of existing documents, standards, and global best practices related to Takaful training frameworks. By benchmarking against leading institutions such as the Chartered Insurance Institute (CII) and AAOIFI standards, a preliminary list of educational topics and competencies was extracted. This phase focused on identifying the core knowledge and behavioral gaps prevalent in the current Iranian insurance landscape. - Quantitative Phase: To ensure the rigor of the proposed model, the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) was utilized. This technique was selected to address the ambiguity and subjective nature of expert judgments. A panel of 21 experts and practitioners in Islamic finance and insurance participated in the process. The FDM process involved rounds of surveying, where experts rated the importance of the extracted topics on a fuzzy scale. Data were aggregated using simple fuzzy averaging and defuzzified using the Center of Area (COA) method. A threshold of 0.7 was established; topics failing to meet this significance level were excluded, ensuring that the final model represents a high level of expert consensus. The reliability of the consensus was validated using Kendall’s W coefficient (W=0.753), indicating a strong agreement among the experts. 3. Research Findings The analytical results of the study yielded a robust, four-tier training framework tailored for the Takaful industry. Following the FDM process, 20 essential course titles were finalized and categorized into four hierarchical levels of progression: - Entrance Exam Level: Focusing on foundational concepts, including “Introduction to Riba and Islamic Finance,” “Introduction to Takaful,” and “Regulations and Consumer Protection.” - Introductory Level: Covering core industry structures, such as “Takaful Models and Structures,” “Risk Management in Takaful,” “Governmental Role in Takaful,” “Global Takaful Landscapes,” “Soft Skills for Takaful Practitioners,” and “Roles of Sharia Committees.” - Intermediate Level: Addressing operational and specialized areas, specifically “Takaful Health/Medical,” “Introduction to Re-Takaful,” “Emerging Challenges (AI, Digital Currencies, ICT),” “Property Takaful,” “Family/Life Takaful,” “Policy Issuance Processes,” and “Marketing Takaful Products.” - Advanced Level: Targeting high-level technical expertise, including “Takaful Regulations and AAOIFI Standards,” “Legal Aspects of Takaful,” “Financial Reporting and Business Accounting,” and “Actuarial Pricing and Reserve Calculation.” Furthermore, each of these subjects was aligned with four competency dimensions: Introductory, Basic, Main, and Specialized, providing a holistic matrix that guides an employee’s career development path from entry to leadership. 4. Discussion and Conclusion The findings of this research highlight that the primary barrier to the development of Takaful in Iran is not merely technical, but educational. The study confirms that the absence of a standardized Takaful qualification pathway has led to the entry of personnel with non-specialized backgrounds, resulting in suboptimal performance and a lack of market confidence. The developed model addresses these challenges by offering a structured, Sharia-compliant educational path. By integrating international standards (such as AAOIFI) with local regulatory needs, the proposed framework provides a strategic tool for insurance regulators and policymakers. It is recommended that a formal certification examination be institutionalized, requiring all current and prospective employees to achieve a passing standard before receiving a license to operate in the Takaful domain. In conclusion, this research provides the foundation for transforming the human capital of the Iranian Takaful industry into a highly competent, Sharia-aware workforce. Future studies are encouraged to focus on evaluating the performance of employees trained under this model and to further refine competency assessments within specific functional areas like marketing and human resources. By implementing this evidence-based model, the industry can better navigate the competitive landscape while strictly adhering to Islamic financial principles. 1. مقدمه و هدف با وجود رشد جهانی صنعت تکافل، این حوزه در ایران با چالش‌های ساختاری و دانشی مواجه است. هدف این پژوهش، طراحی الگوی مطلوب جهت نیازسنجی و تدوین برنامه‌های توانمندسازی کارکنان صنعت تکافل است. 2. مواد و روش‌ها این تحقیق از نظر هدف، توسعه‌ای و از نظر روش، آمیخته (کیفی-کمی) است. در بخش کیفی، با استفاده از مطالعه تطبیقی و تحلیل محتوای اسناد، سرفصل‌های آموزشی استخراج شد. در بخش کمی، با به‌کارگیری روش دلفی فازی، میزان اهمیت و روایی سرفصل‌ها با مشارکت خبرگان صنعت ارزیابی و غربال‌گری شد. 3. یافته‌های تحقیق نتایج نشان داد که ۲۰ عنوان درسی در چهار سطح (ورودی، مقدماتی، متوسط و پیشرفته) و چهار طبقه شایستگی (مقدماتی، پایه، اصلی و تخصصی) برای توانمندسازی نیروی انسانی صنعت تکافل ضروری است. ضریب هماهنگی کندال (۰/۷۵۳) حاکی از اجماع رضایت‌بخش خبرگان در خصوص مدل استخراج‌شده است. 4. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری الگوی ارائه‌شده می‌تواند به‌عنوان نقشه راه آموزشی برای نهادهای ناظر و شرکت‌های بیمه جهت ارتقای سطح تخصصی سرمایه انسانی و انطباق با موازین شریعت در محصولات تکافل مورداستفاده قرار گیرد.

https://ifr.isu.ac.ir/article_78098_c6be693c87ab769f5903d23abacd0528.pdf